RESOU - audit

CertiK1 address on BNB Chain

CertiK reviewed RESOU (RESOU - audit) on 19 Feb 2024: 12 findings, 0 critical; none marked fixed.

No open critical findings
Open RESOU’s security record

The original report was removed from its address (seen 16 Oct 2026).

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Findings12

Statuses are the security firm’s own, from its report.

SeverityOpenAcknowledgedFixed
Critical000
High200
Medium100
Low900
HighCentralization Risks in RESOU.solOpen

In the contract `RESOU` the role `_owner` has authority over the functions shown in the diagram below. Any compromise to the `_owner` account may allow the hacker to take advantage of this authority and steal tokens from the contract, make the contract malfunction. ![](https://accelerator-tasks-prod.acc.corp.certik.com/11ee-c43b-45c0ec90-97a2-8968a2a4a9d2/diagrams/centralization_RESOU-RESOU-_owner.svg)

HighInitial Token DistributionOpen

All of the `RESOU` tokens are sent to the contract deployer or one or several externally-owned account (EOA) addresses. This is a centralization risk because the deployer or the owner(s) of the EOAs can distribute tokens without obtaining the consensus of the community. Any compromise to these addresses may allow a hacker to steal and sell tokens on the market, resulting in severe damage to the project.

MediumUninitialized `_NFT` may result in locked fundsOpen

It is possible that the `_NFT` variable is not initialized in constructor and `swapAndTrans()` is called by someone, then native tokens are transferred to zero address and lost.

Low`usdt` address points to WETH token addressOpen

The `usdt` address returned by `getToken()` points to WETH token address, NOT USDT token address.

LowDivide Before MultiplyOpen

Performing integer division before multiplication truncates the low bits, losing the precision of calculation. ```solidity=872 uint256 every = amount.div(100); ``` ```solidity=874 super._transfer(from, address(this), every * 3); ``` --- ```solidity=882 uint256 every = amount.div(100); ``` ```solidity=884 super._transfer(from, address(this), every * 3); ``` --- ```solidity=957 uint every = balanceOf(address(this)) / 10; ``` ```solidity=958 uint amount = every * 6; ```

LowPotential Sandwich AttacksOpen

A sandwich attack might happen when an attacker observes a transaction swapping tokens or adding liquidity without setting restrictions on slippage or minimum output amount. The attacker can manipulate the exchange rate by frontrunning (before the transaction being attacked) a transaction to purchase one of the assets and make profits by back running (after the transaction being attacked) a transaction to sell the asset. The following functions are called without setting restrictions on slippage or minimum output amount, so transactions triggering these functions are vulnerable to sandwich attacks, especially when the input amount is large: - `swapTokensForBNB()` - `addLiquidity()` - `buyBackTokens()`

LowState Variable Should Be Declared ConstantOpen

State variables that never change should be declared as `constant` to save gas. ```solidity=801 address private _dead = 0x000000000000000000000000000000000000dEaD; ``` - `_dead` should be declared `constant`.

LowThird-Party Dependency UsageOpen

The contract is serving as the underlying entity to interact with one or more third party protocols. The scope of the audit treats third party entities as black boxes and assumes their functional correctness. However, in the real world, third parties can be compromised and this may lead to lost or stolen assets. In addition, upgrades of third parties can possibly create severe impacts, such as increasing fees of third parties, migrating to new LP pools, etc. ```solidity=802 address private _swapPair; ``` - The contract `RESOU` interacts with third party contract with `ISwapPair` interface via `_swapPair`. --- ```solidity=804 ISwapRouter private _ROUTER; ``` - The contract `RESOU` interacts with third party contract with `ISwapRouter` interface via `_ROUTER`. --- ```solidity=805 INFT private _NFT; ``` - The contract `RESOU` interacts with third party contract with `INFT` interface via `_NFT`.

LowUnchecked ERC-20 `transfer()`/`transferFrom()` CaOpen

The return values of the `transfer()` and `transferFrom()` calls in the smart contract are not checked. Some ERC-20 tokens' transfer functions return no values, while others return a bool value, they should be handled with care. If a function returns `false` instead of reverting upon failure, an unchecked failed transfer could be mistakenly considered successful in the contract. ```solidity=842 token.transfer(msg.sender, amount); ```

LowUnnecessary Use of SafeMathOpen

The `SafeMath` library is used unnecessarily. With Solidity compiler versions 0.8.0 or newer, arithmetic operations will automatically revert in case of integer overflow or underflow. ```solidity=166 library SafeMath { ``` - An implementation of `SafeMath` library is found. --- ```solidity=795 using SafeMath for uint256; ``` - `SafeMath` library is used for `uint256` type in `RESOU` contract. ```solidity=872 uint256 every = amount.div(100); ``` - `SafeMath.div` is called in `_transfer` function of `RESOU` contract. *Note: Only a sample of 2 `SafeMath` library usage in this contract (out of 3) are shown above.*

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LowUsage of `transfer`/`send` for Sending Native TokOpen

It is not recommended to use Solidity's `transfer()` and `send()` functions for transferring native tokens, since some contracts may not be able to receive the funds. Those functions forward only a fixed amount of gas (2300 specifically) and the receiving contracts may run out of gas before finishing the transfer. Also, EVM instructions' gas costs may increase in the future. Thus, some contracts that can receive now may stop working in the future due to the gas limitation. ```solidity=838 payable(msg.sender).transfer(amount); ``` - `RESOU.withdrawETH` uses `transfer()`.

LowVariables That Could Be Declared as ImmutableOpen

The linked variables assigned in the constructor can be declared as `immutable`. Immutable state variables can be assigned during contract creation but will remain constant throughout the lifetime of a deployed contract. A big advantage of immutable variables is that reading them is significantly cheaper than reading from regular state variables since they will not be stored in storage.

Contracts in scope1

AddressChainSource code
0xd52a1afb1f54f5661c07768c7ed1c4cadcb9f13bChain: BNB ChainSource code: Verified source

Part of RESOU’s security record

RESOU
Audits1 audit by 1 firmLast audit Feb 2024, by CertiK.
Critical findingsNo open critical findingsIn 1 report.
Open RESOU’s security record

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